Parasitological Contamination of Fenced and Unfenced Primary School Play-grounds in K-Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria: Prevalence and Risk Assessment

Abstract

Background: Parasitological contamination of soil in school environments poses a public health risk to school-aged children, particularly in settings with inadequate sanitation. We assessed the parasitological contamination of playground soils in fenced and unfenced primary schools in K-Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria, with emphasis on soil-transmitted helminths (STHs).

Methods: Soil samples (n = 80) were examined for STH eggs and larvae, and questionnaires were administered to 120 pupils to assess the demographics, hygiene practices, and behavioral risk factors. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests and odds ratio analysis at 5% significance.

Results: Ten of 80 soil samples (12.5%) were positive for parasites. Hookworm larvae predominated (6/80, 7.5%), followed by Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis, mites, and Taenia species (each 1/80, 1.3%). Soil contamination was higher in fenced schools (17.5%) than unfenced schools (7.5%) (χ² = 32.73, P < 0.001). Pupils with untrimmed nails had higher risk of STH (OR = 0.318, 95% CI: 0.098–1.033, P = 0.0088), and those using teeth to trim nails also showed increased risk (OR = 2.249, 95% CI: 0.966–5.232, P = 0.0284). Sand playground surfaces and daily playground use were significantly associated with higher STH exposure (P < 0.01). Awareness of STH was low (31.7%).

Conclusion: Soil contamination with STHs is prevalent in primary school playgrounds, influenced by environmental and behavioral factors. Improvements in sanitation, personal hygiene, and health education are critical to reduce infection risk.